Review of Related Studies Essay Example for Free

Review of Related Studies Essay A lot has been written about what supply management is, and how it relates not only to similar terms and to concept like purchasing, procuring, and sourcing, but also to concepts like management, logistics, and supply chain management. Most authors differentiate purchasing, procurement, sourcing, and supply management as follows: they start by stating that purchasing includes operational activities that are carried out more or less exclusively by one department, namely the purchasing department. The sequence of activities here usually starts with the need identification and ends with the tracking of purchasing activities. Procurement is then defined as being broader in scope and including some activities of strategic relevance. According to Dobler/Burt (1996), procurement includes not only purchasing but also tasks that are strategic in nature. The same logic is then applied to supply management as figure 1 shows. See on page 38 for the figure. Monczka/Trent/Handfield(1998) use the terms purchasing and procurement interchangeable throughout their book. In their view, purchasing and procurement are functional activities that â€Å"most often refer to day-to-day management of material flows and information†. They also define sourcing â€Å"a cross functional process that involves member of the firm other than those who work in the purchasing department, the sourcing management team may include members from engineering, quality, design, manufacturing, marketing, accounting, strategic planning, and other department† Kaufmann (1995) describe sourcing; â€Å"an integrative management approach to designing all supplier relations in the sense of a total relationship management† Arnold (1997) uses the term supply management as an umbrella term for the concept of procurement, materials management, and logistics. According to him, the latter includes inbound logistics, and internal logistics, as well as outbound logistics. Tempelmeier (1995) defines purchasing as contract-centered (as opposed to logistical activities implying the physical movement of goods). He defines procurement as all activities aiming at supplying the company with needed inputs. Corsten (1995) the process of purchasing denotes the act of acquiring the property right of the procurement goods. He defines procurement in a similar way as Tempelmeier. Sourcing is the process of planning and handling outside sources. He defines supply management as procurement with a strategic focus that acts proactively and contributes significantly to company performance. Koppelmann (1995) uses the term Procurement Marketing for nearly exactly the same set of activities as Dobler/Burt do for supply management. There is also some discussion about the types of purchases that fall under each of the definitions. International authors like Dobler/Burt (1996), Monczka/Trent/Handfield (1998), and van Weele (1995) restrict the scope of purchasing, procurement, sourcing or supply management to materials, services, and capital equipment. They do not include the supply of the company with financial resources or personnel. German authors like Arnold (1997), Fieten (1986), Pieper/Pfohl (1993), Tempelmeier (1995) argue differently: They say that from a theoretical standpoint all inputs have to be considered. Some of them like Arnold and Pieper/Pfohl however, pragmatically restrict the scope of purchasing, procurement, or supply management to materials.

Wide Sargasso Sea Essay examples -- English Literature Jean Rhys Locat

Wide Sargasso Sea Places take on a symbolic significance in Wide Sargasso Sea. Discuss the way in which Jean Rhys uses different locations in the narrative. Place in 'Wide Sargasso Sea' seems to be used to convey Antoinette's frame of mind at different times in her life. Wally Look Lai believes that "The West Indian setting...is central to the novel...(and) the theme of rejected womanhood is utilized symbolically in order to make an artistic statement about West Indian society and about an aspect of the West Indian experience". In Part One of 'Wide Sargasso Sea', Coulibri and the convent in Spanish Town are presented as contrasts in that they represent danger and safety respectively. Antoinette's mother describes how she feels 'marooned' in Coulibri, which could refer to both their geographical position and the fact that they live on an island, and also their position in society, and the racial tension which exists therein. This racial tension between the white Creoles and the black people stems from the fact that Creoles such as the Cosways' ancestors had been slave-owners, and the emancipation had left these families virtually penniless and lacking in respect. Jane Miller argues that "a woman on her own..is always alone if she depends on men...and vulnerable and weakened as the..foreigner is vulnerable and weakened". She therefore believes that Annette and Antoinette's isolation is due not only to the fact that they are foreigners, but also because they are women who are forced to be dependent upon men, and I agree that this is partly what adds to their isolation from society. Antoinette always pays careful attention to her natural surroundings. They almost seem perfect as she uses simile to com... ...ntoinette, but Anna Morgan, the heroine of "Voyage in the Dark", who comes from England to the Caribbean and recounts her attempts to come to terms with her new life. A feminist would say that Antoinette struggles primarily against the dictates of patriarchy. For example, it is Rochester who declares that Antoinette is "not English or European either" and also he who takes her away from her home in the West Indies and locks her up in the attic in his house in England. However, Selma James believes that the feminism and race issues run parallel to each other. She thinks that "the female dilemma and female vulnerability with men and in society generally is inseparable from the West Indian preoccupations about race..", and I am inclined to agree with her, and think that Jean Rhys uses location in the novel extremely effectively in order to convey this idea.

Discuss Emma from Jane Austen s’ ‘Emma’ Essay

Emma is a well know novel written by Jane Austen, it’s based on the woman`s status at that time period and on the concept of the Augustan era. Jane Austen wrote Emma in the time period of when she grew up, It Took Jane Austen 15 Months to Write Emma. This Novel helps us understand the status of a woman at that time when women weren’t allowed to vote, wasn`t entitled to substandard education and were limited to housework. Jane Austen is trying to explain to us that in those days women had two choices to get married or to become a governess, and by understanding the way society was at the time, it will help us appreciate Emma. Jane Austen only wrote 6 novels and 5 of them are based on young women whose chances of marriage were very dependent on their status in society. However, Emma was different; she was her own woman who didn’t see the need in having to marry. The Character of Emma â€Å"with an alacrity beyond the common impulse of a spirit†¦ with the real good-will of a mind delighted with its own ideas† (Chapter 3, Page 15) was different from other women at that time, Jane Fairfax & Harriet Smith Play a big part in The noel, they are used manipulatively as clever devices to show that Emma`s ideas were not only based on reality but her own ideas that she decided herself. Jane Austen makes it clear to us from beginning of the novel that Emma is not a character that compiles with the flaws of her century. Emma is Strong-witted and can be very arrogant towards other people, she is also patronizing and presumptuous. She isn’t a typical woman of her status at her time as women`s lives were very quite controlled and restricted at the time of Jane Austen. The Novel Emma gives us the insight on Jane Austen`s Feelings and point of view on women living in that era. It Changes Emma from being a typical young woman of her time to her own woman who makes her own decisions and isn’t worried about the consequences. Although these flaws make Emma unique and independent and can be praised, they can also be criticized â€Å"Was one of the few people who could see faults in Emma Woodhouse, and the only one who ever told her of them, and tough this was not particularly agreeable to Emma† (Page 5) Emma seems very strong-witted, confident and proud of herself and doesn’t like to be criticized unlike most of the other woman of her time. Out of all Jane Austen’s Heroines, Emma is the most flawed and frustrating but in the end is the most endearing. As a character Emma matures towards the end and realises the folly and misguidance of her actions towards other people. At the beginning of the novel Emma Likes To Think Of Herself as independent and doesn’t want to marry this could be because she`s comfortable with her status in society. We are made to think that Emma is a selfish young woman who is proud of herself and feels no need to marry. Later on in the novel we begin to realize that Emma`s match-making and interfering is causing no good and Emma Realizes this too. She then comes to realize her feelings for Mr. Knightly and starts to see the possibility that she needs to marry. There`s a lot of irony in Emma`s beliefs as she is the centre of everyone`s attention and interferes in other peoples relationships so much that she doesn’t realize her feelings for Mr. Knightly. Mr. Knightly is the only person in the whole novel that criticizes Emma other characters don’t really talk much about Emma except chapter 5 were Mr. Knightly and Mrs. Weston Discuss Emma. Emma thinks of herself completely different what others think of her, this also makes the novel more ironic. Emma thinks so highly of herself she doesn’t take any notice of what others might think this is a very cleaver device that Jane Austen uses. Emma and Harriet become friends so Emma tries to fins Harriet a husband that she thinks will be suitable. Emma doesn’t take any notice that Harriet if from a different class to her and looks for a husband for Harriet of her own class. Emma also carelessly starts a rumour about Jane Fairfax whilst flirting with Frank Churchill. However, Emma doesn’t do this on purpose and towards the end of the play Jane Austen shows us that Emma learns from her mistakes. Emma has many weaknesses and one of them just as Mr. Knightly had predicted â€Å"She will never submit to anything requiring industry and patience and a subjection of the fancy to the understanding† (Volume 1, Chapter 5). Emma is the cleverest in her family and is idolized by a lot of Highbury, this may be why she is so confident and convinced that she`s always right. Emma always seems to see the need to reshape things to suit herself this shows that Emma`s imagination has too much impact on her actions. Jane Austen makes it clear to us that Emma has a lot of imagination and this causes a lot of problems. Mr. Knightly states that imagination is nonsense; this is ironic as it opposes â€Å"sense† against â€Å"imagination† Jane Austen lets poetic justice take place in the novel towards the disclosure at the end, as this shows the procedure Emma needs to go through and the developments that need to be made in order to get the ‘perfect ending’. There were quite a few times in the novel when Jane Austen made Emma go through emotional and frustrating situations, which had been caused by herself, in these situations Emma, had to look back on her actions and be remorseful. Jane Austen shows us that the greatest threat to achieving happiness is ourselves. Towards the ending of the novel, there are quite a few examples when Emma has to me sorry for her actions. Mr. Knightly rebukes Emma for her bad-mannered conduct towards Miss Bates and Box Hill, He says, â€Å"I will tell you truths while I can†, she was â€Å"vexed beyond what could have been expressed,† and then she weeps. â€Å"Emma felt the tears running down her cheeks almost all the way home, without being at any trouble to check them, extraordinary as they were† (Page 376)Because Emma is crying this shows that she is starting to realize her mistakes and that she is feeling pain. It is only when something bad happens when Emma reacts to her bad actions, and when she realizes that she may lose Mr. Knightly she changes â€Å"†¦My blindness to what was going on, led me to act in a way that I must always be ashamed of, and I was very foolishly tempted to say and do many things which may well lay me open to unpleasant conjectures†. This shows that Emma feels embarrassed and humiliated and realizes her faults and mistakes and tries to fix them. We begin to see that Emma is slowly changing from being strong-witted, proud of herself, patronizing and confident to a more compassionate and honest character. Jane Austen has Emma go on an emotional rollercoaster towards the ending to create the ‘perfect happiness’ through poetic justice. In the end Emma is rewarded with the ‘perfect happiness’ and not the punishment she is afraid to get. We admire Emma as a character because of her flaws at the beginning and how they were changing throughout the novel, towards the end of the play she realizes her faults and mistakes and tries to fix them and changes her ways. Towards the ending we begin to see the more compassionate and honest side of Emma that wants to help people rather than the patronizing and self absorbed Emma she was in the beginning. This helps us appreciate Emma and lets us see that she has learnt from her mistakes and that she is maturing. Emma isn’t a typical woman of her time and tha`s why we love her because of her imperfections and her mistakes and the way she is able to turn things around to get her ‘perfect happiness’ that she has being searching for.

Literacy, The, And The Literacy - 961 Words

Literacy ethos customarily attests to literature as the capability of writing and reading. The two contexts exist independently in human beings since a person retains literacy internally. On a broader perspective, literacy can mean the aptitude of an individual to utilize the use of symbols systems, which prove essential for teaching and learning. By that, it means that the word extends beyond reading and writing to a broader context of developed technology. However, my experiences push me to incline to writing when defining literacy. The composition course that I undertook has played significant roles in establishing my opinion, which states that the literacy purpose is educating the scholars in a way that offers them an opportunity to interact effectively with the surrounding. The composition classes that I attended advocated the students’ profound examination of the texts formulated by other individuals. It also challenged the students to write their ideas using other people’s creative ways to identify similarities. Doing that means that the scholars obtain a broad exploration of the writing craft. This idea drives me into assessing Birkerts’ model of argumentation and writing. Birkerts says, â€Å"The first step requires at least that the language can reach the reader, and that the word sounds and rhythms come alive ...† (Eposito, par. 2). His statements focus on the writing acting as a tool for offering an appropriate opportunity for the readers to have the bestShow MoreRelatedLiteracy Is The Definition Of Literacy997 Words   |  4 PagesTo myself, the definition of literacy is having the ability and means to read and/or write. Although this seems as though it is a stereotypical and common definition, I have found during th e course of my life that this definition holds to be true to my personal being. When I was younger, I used to think literacy was simply the literacy book that we read out of during English class. The more that I grew, the more I realized that literacy was having the ability to read the book- not the book itselfRead MoreThe Ethos Of Literacy : The Literacy964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ethos of Literacy Literacy ethos customarily attests to literature as the capability of writing and reading. The two contexts exist independently in human beings since a person retains literacy internally. On a broader perspective, literacy can mean the aptitude of an individual to utilize the use of symbols systems, which prove essential for teaching and learning. By that, it means that the word extends beyond reading and writing to a broader context of developed technology. However, my experiencesRead MoreEffects Of Literacy On Literacy917 Words   |  4 PagesParents - My parents were a positive effect on my literacy - My parents almost always read a story to me when i was younger and they always encouraged me to read different things. - They put me into tutoring sessions so that I could learn to read and write in a setting that was catered towards me. Siblings - My siblings had a positive effect on my literacy - My older brother and sister were good students and they read a lot outside of the classroom so that really encouraged me to read and developRead MoreUnderstanding Literacy, And Health Literacy1665 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding Literacy, and Health Literacy An understanding of literacy, and health literacy is crucial to understand their impact on client health outcomes. Further, a nurse’s ability to better educate clients lies in his or her understanding of these terms. Literacy is a multilayered, dynamic and complex topic; however, in short literacy is a set of skills including reading, writing oral skills, numeracy skills, and skills that enable us to acquire knowledge and information (Keefe CopelandRead MoreLiteracy Is The Common Understanding Of Literacy988 Words   |  4 PagesLiteracy can come in almost any category or way you can think of. When most people think of being literate they think of just having the ability to read and write, but being literate can be extended out to a much broader meaning. Being literate can also be defined as being knowledgeable or experienced in any particular area. Most people have a moment they remember as becoming more advanced literately in certain subjects. This remains true for the co mmon understanding of literacy, whether it be aRead MoreLiteracy Vs. Low Literacy Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesLiteracy Connections (LC) was founded in 1975 as Literacy Volunteers of America-Dutchess County, Inc. The agency changed its name to Literacy Connections in 2005. Literacy Connections is a private, not-for-profit, 501(C) (3) organization committed to helping adults and families become functionally literate. The organization works with the lowest literacy level adults in Dutchess, Columbia, and Greene Counties. Our core program is to help adults to learn to read and write, and function independentlyRead MoreInformation Literacy And Digital Literacy1473 Words   |  6 Pagesdigital literacy play vital roles in our society and are necessary tools for citizens to have in this growing information age. Information literacy is â€Å"the ability to recognize the extent and nature of an information need, then to locate, evaluate, and effectively use the needed information.† (â€Å"Information Literacy Definition†, n.d.) Digital literacy is â€Å"the ability to find, evaluate, utilize, share, and create content using information technologies and the Internet.† (â€Å"What is Digital Literacy?†, nRead MoreUnderstanding Literacy, And Health Literacy1663 Words   |  7 PagesAn understanding of literacy, and health literacy is crucial to understand their impact on client health outcomes. Further, a nurse’s ability to better educate clients lies in his or her underst anding of these terms. Literacy is a multilayered, dynamic and complex topic; however, in short literacy is a set of skills including reading, writing oral skills, numeracy skills, and skills that enable us to acquire knowledge and information (Keefe Copeland, 2011). Literacy can be understood throughRead MoreLiteracy : My Literacy Narrative1555 Words   |  7 PagesMy Literacy Narrative Literacy impacts everyone’s lives in various ways. Such as, someone and their career, the ability to read literature in general, one’s comprehension of reading and writing, or the ability to write a book. Each person takes his or her own path with literacy and consequently are formed by the sponsors of literacy present in his or her life. Being new to the term or not, sponsors come in various forms and can be positive or negative to someone and his or her literacy. The sponsorsRead MoreThe Literacy : A Balanced Literacy Program1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe term literacy refers to reading and writing. Both must be taught together within the many components of a balanced literacy program. Each of these components are important in this program and provide a framework for what and how educators teach. Among teaching, there are five different elements that the National Reading Panel identifies as important to reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocab ulary, and comprehension. It is an educator’s goal for students to understand